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<title>Cyropaedia</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>Cyropaedia</i></span>

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<p>The <i><b>Cyropaedia</b></i>, sometimes spelled <i><b>Cyropedia</b></i>, is a partly fictional biography<sup id="cite_ref-Sancisi-Weerdenburg_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sancisi-Weerdenburg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, the founder of Persia's <a href="Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. It was written around 370 BC by <a href="Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, the <a href="Athens" title="Athens">Athenian</a>-born soldier, historian, and student of <a href="Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>. The <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latinized</a> title <i>Cyropaedia</i> derives from the <a href="Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> <i>Kúrou paideía</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Κύρου παιδεία</span></span>), meaning <b>The Education of Cyrus</b>. Aspects of it would become a model for medieval writers of the genre <a href="Mirrors_for_princes" title="Mirrors for princes">mirrors for princes</a>. In turn, the <i>Cyropaedia</i> strongly influenced the most well-known but atypical of these, <a href="Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>'s <i><a href="The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i>, which fostered the rejection of medieval political thinking and development of modern politics.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2></div>

<p>In substance, the <i>Cyropaedia</i> is a narrative describing the education of the ideal ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been interpreted as an early novel, a biography, and a manifesto on leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is intended to communicate political and moral instruction to its audience, most of whom would have been Athenian elites.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>While most scholars note that Xenophon did not write it as a historical text,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Cyropaedia</i> does not fit into any known classical genre, only somewhat resembling an early novel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its validity as a source of <a href="Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> history has been repeatedly questioned, and numerous descriptions of events or persons have been found inaccurate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Despite its limitations, it has been argued that the <i>Cyropaedia</i> provides a glimpse of <a href="Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>'s character. It gives an artistic portrayal of Cyrus, which, according to some, could not have been so positive without a historical memory of good leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xenophon (c. 431 – 355 BC) was not a contemporary of Cyrus (c. 580 – 530 BC) and it is likely that some of his information about Persia was based on events that occurred at the later Achaemenid court. Xenophon had visited such as one of the "<a href="Ten_Thousand_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Thousand (Greek)">Ten Thousand</a>" Greek soldiers who fought on the losing side of a Persian civil war, which he recounted in his <i><a href="Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a></i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2></div>

<p>(1<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The work begins with a discourse on the unprecedentedly large and diverse empire built by <a href="Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>. After an overview of Persian society, <a href="Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> begins the biographical section when Cyrus is twelve years old. Cyrus's mother <a href="Mandane_of_Media" title="Mandane of Media">Mandane</a> receives a message from her father <a href="Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a>, King of the <a href="Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, requesting that she and her son visit him in Media. Introduced to his grandfather, Cyrus notes how the luxurious clothing and behavior of the Medes differ from the simpler customs of Persia. Mandane and Cyrus stay in the kingdom for a bit, and the boy learns the traditions of the Medes and forms a good relationship with Astyages. When Mandane is ready to go back to <a href="Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, which is a vassal under the Medes, to see her husband, her father wants Cyrus to stay. Mandane is against the idea, but lets Cyrus make his own choice. Cyrus decides to stay, stating that he has more to learn from the Medes.

</p><p>Growing up in Media Cyrus gains a following of companions that he trains with. He also goes hunting with them, but they are limited on what they can hunt to keep them safe due to their ages. This does not sit well with Cyrus who begs his uncle, Cyaxares, to take him hunting. His uncle refuses at first but agrees later on. While hunting with Cyaxare, Cyrus comes upon dangerous animals that he risks his life to give his game to Astyages out of the love he has for him. Astyages rejects the gifts telling Cyrus that no gift could be worth endangering his life over.

</p><p>During this time the King of <a href="Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> is getting married. To celebrate he assembles a huge group of people to go hunting between the borders of the Assyrian and Median empires. Arriving at the hunting spot, the Assyrian King realized he had a massive host to raid the Medes' borders. Astyages summoned his armies in response to the Assyrians pillaging his lands. Even though Cyrus was too young to fight he could not contain himself and joined his grandfather on the march. The Median force comes across a host of Assyrians carrying away stolen goods. Astyages is hesitant to send in his troops for fear of enemy <a href="Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> countercharging them. Cyrus suggests that Cyaxares should lead a small cavalry division to intercept the foot soldiers carrying the loot. If the enemy cavalry tries to reinforce the <a href="Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, Astyages's troops rush in to stop them. The plan works with the Medes pushing back the Assyrians. Astyages gives the victory to Cyrus but mentions how his strategy was one of madness.

</p><p>Cyrus's reputation from the battle spreads throughout the empire. His father, <a href="Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a>, hears of his son's achievements and calls him back home to Persia. On his return, Cyrus is welcomed back with open arms. His friends thought he would have come back as a luxurious Mede but instead he returns as a simple Persian. He spends his time in Persia until he becomes a young man, learning and training in military traditions.

</p><p>Astyages passes away and Cyaxares becomes ruler over the Median empire. The Assyrian King at the same time is going around conquering his neighbors. He looks to the Medes and Persians, convincing his allies that the two empires are a threat. Together with their allies, the Assyrians commanded over 60,000 horsemen and 200,000 <a href="Archery" title="Archery">archers</a> and <a href="Targeteer" title="Targeteer">targeteers</a>. Cyaxares knew of their plans and sent word to Persia asking for Cyrus to bring reinforcements. Cyrus assembles 10,000 archers, 10,000 slingers, and 10,000 targeteers. Before marching off to war he gives his army a speech promising them victory against their enemies.

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<p>(2<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)Cyrus and Cambyses meet up with Cyaxares's forces. After discussing scouting reports, army sizes, and strategy they are heavily at a disadvantage. The biggest one is their army size of 100,000 troops, 10,000 horsemen and 60,000 archers and targeteers coming from the Medes, against the enemies' army size of 260,000. Being so outnumbered Cyrus mentions that they cannot win by a war of attrition. He realizes that if he cannot win with numbers then he can win with a better-quality army. He states that the common tactic of warfare is lightly armored range units, so he decides to refit his army to be more of a heavy melee army. His troops receive a corslet for the breast, a shield for the left arm, and a sword or battle-axe for the right hand.

</p><p>The Persian army is trained by Cyrus in melee combat. He issues military reforms like ordering the soldiers of units to live together to form a bond with each other. Not giving soldiers food until they completed all their workouts. How hard the soldier works determines their rewards. Meetings are held with his officers to learn about the army's progress. Cyrus is informed of the difficulty the army is having with learning new tactics but they are improving. The rest of Book II focuses on Cyrus and his captains' thoughts on the new recruits. Some of the captains believe that time is needed for the recruits to settle into their positions. The other captains agree but do not think there is enough time for the recruits to be ready for battle.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_Three">Book Three</h3></div>

<p>(3<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)The Persian army heads toward the <a href="Ancient_Armenia" title="Ancient Armenia">Armenian Kingdom</a> to collect the tribute owed to the Medes. The King of Armenia gathers his army to confront the Persians but flees when he learns of Cyrus leading the army. The King takes refuge high up in the mountains. Cyrus responds by surrounding the exit points with his army and captures the King's family and his treasure. He sends messengers to the located villages telling them that he considers them an enemy if they stay in their homes. Messengers are also sent to the King telling him to come to meet with Cyrus. Eventually, the King meets with Cyrus who puts the King on trial for abandoning his agreement with the Medes. The King's reasoning for not honoring the agreement was to gain freedom for his people. He still accepts any punishment given until his son, Tigranes, pleads with Cyrus to spare his father. Tigranes tries to convince Cyrus that his father is valuable as an ally and that his father learns from his folly. An argument sprues out between the two about if a person can learn from their follies in such a short time. However, Cyrus grants the Tigranes his wish but is happy that he gained another ally.

</p><p>Cyrus returns everything he captures back to the King asking what his wealth and power are. The King tells Cyrus he has 8,000 horsemen, 40,000 archers and targeteers, and over 3,000 silver talents. Cyrus strikes a deal to take half of the Armenian army to add to his own. Also making the King pay 100 talents of silver to both Cyrus and the Medes. The Persian army heads off with their detachment of Armenian forces led by Tigranes to deal with the <a href="Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldaeans</a> who are at war with the Armenians. While at the border of the two nations, Cyrus looks for a spot to build a <a href="Fortification" title="Fortification">fort</a> to gain control over the area. He comes across a mountain range known for the Chaldaeans to use as a scouting position. Rather than conquering the enemy, Cyrus wants to end the conflict between the Armenians and the Chaldaeans. However, Cyrus does not want to wait for peace talks and charges up the hill to capture the high ground. Chaldaean scouts see his army moving and try to counter their assault.

</p><p>Cyrus leads his men up the hill, but Tigranes informs him that his Armenian soldiers cannot hold against the enemy. For the Chaldaeans are known for having the fiercest warriors in the region. In response, Cyrus orders the Armenians to feint a retreat to reel in the Chaldaean soldiers into his more experienced melee troops. Cyrus's plan works causing the enemy to retreat and take control of the high ground. Messengers are sent to the Armenian King asking him to bring builders to help build the fort. Medical assistance is given to the Chaldaean prisoners and Cyrus makes them an offer. He will set the prisoners free to go back to their people and can decide if they want to make peace or continue the war. After the prisoners leave the Armenian King shows up with his workers giving praises for Cyrus's victory. The Chaldaeans return to accept the peace offering. During the discussion Cyrus offers terms to both sides by being able to use each other lands to build up resources they have little of. The Chaldaeans are allowed to use the Armenian flat land for farming crops and the Armenians can use the Chaldaean hilly lands for pastures. Both nations also agree to allow marriage between the citizens and help each other in times of war.

</p><p>Cyrus takes his forces to meet up with Cyaxares at Media. Upon arriving Cyrus gives over the loot taken in battle to his Uncle. He presses Cyaxares to move against the enemy first mentioning that they should not meet the enemy in their lands. Cyaxares agrees and gathers his forces to join Cyrus on the march. Persians, Medes, and Armenians invade the Assyrian lands. Enemy scouts see the advancing army and report back to the king. The Assyrian king summons his forces and goes out to meet Cyrus in battle. When the two armies are close to each other neither wants to be the one to advance. The Assyrian forces set up a defensive <a href="Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">entrenchment</a> around their camp. Cyaxares wants to attack, but Cyrus informs him that once the enemy sees the smaller force then the Assyrians would not hold back against them. Cyrus is still given the order from his uncle to attack and obeys the command. Chrysantas and other officers bring information that they capture Assyrian deserters to Cyrus. He learns that a small detachment of the enemy army is on the march with the rest station at the camp. Cyrus presses on the attack saying to his men, "Brave men to the front! Who follows me? Who will lay the first Assyrian low?"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyrus's soldiers clash with the Assyrians and quickly put them on the retreat. The fighting continues to take place at the enemy camp, but Cyrus orders his soldiers to pull back worried that reinforcements will overrun them.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning_of_the_Text">Meaning of the Text</h2></div>

<p>The first book's opening states that it began as a reflection about why some rulers are willingly obeyed and others are not. Everywhere, the author observes, humans fail to obey their rulers; the one exception is Cyrus the Great, a man who inspired obedience.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A list of Cyrus's conquests follows, and the author seeks to understand why his subjects obeyed him "willingly." The work narrates his entire life, with only the first of eight books concerning the actual education of Cyrus.

</p><p>The first book is devoted to Cyrus's descent, education, and stay at the court of his maternal grandfather, the <a href="Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> dynast <a href="Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a>. Scholars have noted that Xenophon's description of pre-imperial Persian education is unusual and appears to be based upon the traditions of <a href="Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>: the subject of Xenophon's other work the <i><a href="Constitution_of_the_Lacedaemonians" title="Constitution of the Lacedaemonians">Constitution of the Lacedaemonians</a></i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_Two_to_Seven">Books Two to Seven</h3></div>

<p>Books two to seven cover Cyrus's life as a <a href="Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> vassal on his path to establishing the world's largest empire. In these books, Cyrus is upheld as an example of classical virtue, but also uses what are now known as <a href="Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavellian</a> tactics. He proves a faithful vassal to the Medes, initially acting as a general to defend them from the more powerful and assertive <a href="Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> empire. He does so by cultivating alliances with nations such as the <a href="Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>, <a href="Hyrcanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyrcanians">Hyrcanians</a>, <a href="Cadusians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadusians">Cadusians</a>, <a href="Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, and <a href="Susians" class="mw-redirect" title="Susians">Susians</a>. The remaining allies of Babylon include many nations of Asia Minor, as well as a corps of Egyptian infantry. <a href="Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a> of <a href="Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> acts as general in the two powers' final field battle. Cyrus then returns with an increasingly international army to conquer Babylon. He is able to avoid a long siege by deflecting the course of the river through it, then sending soldiers in over the dry bed during a festival night. The claim that Babylon was conquered on the night of a festival by diverting the <a href="Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates River</a> from its channel is also made by <a href="Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (1.191).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_Eight">Book Eight</h3></div>

<p>Book eight is a sketch of Cyrus' kingship and his views of monarchy.

</p><p>The last section of this book (8.8) also describes the rapid collapse of Cyrus's empire after he died. It has been speculated that this section was written by a later author. Alternatively, it may symbolize Xenophon's theoretical inconsistency concerning his conception of an ideal ruler, or show that Xenophon did not mean to describe an ideal ruler in any simple way. It may also intend to display, rather than undermine, Cyrus's strength as a leader.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Related characters of questionable historical truth appear in the narrative as well. For example, the romance of <a href="Abradatas" title="Abradatas">Abradatas</a> and <a href="Pantheia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheia">Pantheia</a> forms much of the narrative's latter half (v.1.3, vi.1.31ff, vi.4.2ff, vii.3.2ff).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div>

<p>In classical antiquity, the <i>Cyropaedia</i> was considered the masterpiece of a widely respected and studied author.<sup id="cite_ref-Nadon4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nadon4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <a href="Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, <a href="Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, <a href="Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a> and <a href="Longinus_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longinus (literature)">Longinus</a> thought highly of Xenophon and his work.<sup id="cite_ref-Nadon3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nadon3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical authors believed that he composed the <i>Cyropaedia</i> in response to the <i><a href="Plato's_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's Republic">Republic</a></i> of <a href="Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> or vice versa, and Plato's <i><a href="Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i> seems to allude to the <i>Cyropaedia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among classical leaders, <a href="Scipio_Aemilianus" title="Scipio Aemilianus">Scipio Aemilianus</a> is said to have carried a copy with him at all times;<sup id="cite_ref-Cawkwell_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cawkwell-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was also a favorite of <a href="Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nadon6_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nadon6-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

<p>The <i>Cyropaedia</i> was rediscovered in <a href="Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> during the late medieval period as a piece on political virtue and social organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Nadon_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nadon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It heavily influenced the late medieval and <a href="Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> genre known as <a href="Mirrors_for_princes" title="Mirrors for princes">mirrors of princes</a>, which gave examples of leadership behavior to educate future rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Giovanni_Pontano" title="Giovanni Pontano">Giovanni Pontano</a>, <a href="Bartolomeo_Sacchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomeo Sacchi">Bartolomeo Sacchi</a>, <a href="Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> and <a href="Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a> treated Cyrus as such an example.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike most mirrors of princes, whether the <i>Cyropaedia</i> was really intended to describe an ideal ruler is a subject of debate.

</p><p>The <i>Cyropaedia</i> continued to be widely read in the early modern period and during the <a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>. Machiavelli's <i>The Prince</i>, which represented a turn toward modern political thinking, was particularly influenced by the <i>Cyropaedia</i> and represents a more sophisticated reading of Xenophon.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears critical of his idealistic approach to Cyrus, while also considering Cyrus's deceit and the danger of deceitful leaders part of the <i>Cyropaedia</i>'s message.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many early modern writers after Machiavelli, including <a href="Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a>, <a href="Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, <a href="Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a>, <a href="Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, <a href="Henry_St_John%2C_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a>, <a href="Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a>, <a href="Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, and <a href="Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> also esteemed Xenophon as a philosopher and historian. The <i>Cyropaedia</i> was often used to model correct prose in classical <a href="Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, mastery of which was part of the education of European and American gentlemen in the eighteenth century. <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> had two copies of the book in his library, possibly for this reason.

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In the nineteenth century, Xenophon and the <i>Cyropaedia</i> began to decline in popularity compared to other classical authors and works. This is partly because its endorsement of monarchy had grown less favorable.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Xenophon's work has become more studied and esteemed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some present scholars<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that the basic historical events of the <i>Cyropaedia</i> are more credible than those described in Herodotus's <i>Histories</i>, and debate continues over the work's relevance and historical accuracy.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSancisi-Weerdenburg" class="citation web cs1">Sancisi-Weerdenburg, Heleen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyropaedia-gr">"Cyropaedia"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429175529/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cyropaedia-gr">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-29.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFW._B._Fisher1968–1991" class="citation book cs1">W. B. Fisher (1968–1991). <i>The Cambridge history of Iran</i>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-06935-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/745412">745412</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2085/2085-h/2085-h.htm#2H_4_0004">"Cyropaedia, by Xenophon"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2085/2085-h/2085-h.htm#2H_4_0005">"Cyropaedia, by Xenophon"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2085/2085-h/2085-h.htm#2H_4_0006">"Cyropaedia, by Xenophon"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon" class="citation web cs1">Xenophon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415140720/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2085/2085-h/2085-h.htm#2H_4_0005">"Cyropaedia, by Xenophon"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i>. Archived from the original on April 15, 2023.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Miller-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon1914" class="citation cs2">Xenophon (1914), Miller, Walter (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0204%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D"><i>Cyropaedia: The Education of Cyrus</i></a>, London: William Heinemann Ltd.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillips, Robert (27 June 2003). "Xenophon's Prince: Republic and Empire in the Cyropaedia". <i>Journal of Politics</i>. <b>65</b>: 913–914 – via Wiley Online Library.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1867" class="citation cs2"><a href="William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a> (1867), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231191519/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0012.html">"Abradatas"</a>, in Smith, William (ed.), <i><a href="Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>, vol. 1, p. 3, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0012.html">the original</a> on 2005-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-07</span></span></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nadon4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nadon4_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadon2001">Nadon (2001</a>, p. 4)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nadon3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nadon3_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadon2001">Nadon (2001</a>, p. 3)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diogenes_Laertius/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosophers/3/Plato*.html#34">"LacusCurtius • Diogenes Laërtius: Plato#34"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Cawkwell-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cawkwell_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCawkwell1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="George_Cawkwell" title="George Cawkwell">Cawkwell, George</a> (1972), <i>The Persian Expedition </i>(introduction)<i></i>, Penguin Classics</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nadon6-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nadon6_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadon2001">Nadon (2001</a>, p. 6)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nadon-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nadon_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNadon2001" class="citation cs2">Nadon, Christopher (2001), <i>Xenophon's Prince: Republic and Empire in the Cyropaedia</i>, Berkeley: UC Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-520-22404-3</bdi></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadon2001">Nadon (2001</a>, p. 13)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1938" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, Allan (1938), <i>Machiavelli's </i>Prince<i> and Its Forerunners</i>, Duke University Press</cite> p.12</span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadon2001">Nadon (2001</a>, pp. 6–7)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadon2001">Nadon (2001</a>, pp. 13–25)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thoughts on Machiavelli. By Leo Strauss. (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press. 1958. Pp. 348. <i>The American Historical Review.</i> 1959-07.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Xenophon - Legacy | Britannica". <i>www.britannica.com</i>. Retrieved 2021-11-15.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve W. Hirsch, <i>The Friendship of the Barbarians: Xenophon and the Persian Empire</i> (Hanover NH: University Press of New England, 1985.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven D. Anderson, <i>Darius the Mede: A Reappraisal</i> (Grand Rapids: Amazon/CreateSpace, 2014).</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFXenophon2012" class="citation cs2">Xenophon (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cyropaedia.online"><i>Cyrus' Paradise: The World's First Online Collaborative Commentary to an Ancient Text</i></a>, Washington</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFXenophon1997" class="citation cs2">Xenophon (1997), <i>Cyropaedia</i>, translated by Miller, Walter, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-99057-9</bdi>, (books 1-5) and , (books 5-8)</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFXenophon2001" class="citation cs2">Xenophon (2001), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationofcyrus00xeno_1"><i>The Education of Cyrus</i></a></span>, translated by Ambler, Wayne, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8014-8750-1</bdi></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFXenophon1914" class="citation cs2">Xenophon (1914), Stawell, F. M. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2085"><i>Cyropaedia: The Education of Cyrus</i></a>, translated by Dakyns, Henry Graham, London: Macmillan</cite> [Project Gutenberg]</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFXenophon1914" class="citation cs2">Xenophon (1914), Miller, Walter (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0204%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D3"><i>Cyropaedia: The Education of Cyrus</i></a>, London and Cambridge, MA: William Heinemann Ltd. and Harvard University Press</cite> [Perseus/Tufts University]</li>

<li>Sage, Paula Winsor. "Dying in Style: Xenophon's Ideal Leader and the End of the <i>Cyropaedia</i>" T<i>he Classical Journal</i> 90.2 (1994): 161-74</li>

<li>Xenophon. “Cyropaedia.” Cyropaedia, by Xenophon, July 18, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2085/2085-h/2085-h.htm">https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2085/2085-h/2085-h.htm</a>. </li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cyropaedia" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tripinsurancestore.com/4/cyropaedia.pdf">Translation by Henry Graham Dakyns</a> (PDF)</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Greek <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" class="extiw external" title="s:el:Κύρου Παιδεία">Κύρου Παιδεία</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674990579">Cyropaedia, Volume I — Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674990586">Cyropaedia, Volume II — Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0731">Manuscript</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43">Somni</a>.</li>

<li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Cyropaedia&author=XENOPHON&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Cyropaedia</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Cyrus_the_Great141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B6AD9D"><div><a href="Teispids" title="Teispids">Teispids</a>, <a href="Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B6AD9D;width:1%"><a href="Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cambyses_I" title="Cambyses I">Cambyses I</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandane_of_Media" title="Mandane of Media">Mandane of Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Cassandane" title="Cassandane">Cassandane</a></li>

<li><a href="Amytis_of_Media" title="Amytis of Media">Amytis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li>

<li><a href="Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></li>

<li><a href="Atossa" title="Atossa">Atossa</a></li>

<li><a href="Artystone" title="Artystone">Artystone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B6AD9D;width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Persian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Revolt">Persian Revolt</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Hyrba" title="Battle of Hyrba">Hyrba</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Persian_Border" title="Battle of the Persian Border">Persian Border</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pasargadae" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pteria" title="Battle of Pteria">Pteria</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Thymbra" title="Battle of Thymbra">Thymbra</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)" title="Siege of Sardis (547 BC)">Sardis</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B6AD9D;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cyrus" title="Cyrus">"Cyrus" (name)</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Bible" title="Cyrus the Great in the Bible">Cyrus in the Bible</a>

<ul><li><a href="Edict_of_Cyrus" title="Edict of Cyrus">Edict of Cyrus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus the Great in the Quran">Cyrus in the Quran</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrus_the_Great_Day" title="Cyrus the Great Day">Cyrus the Great Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Masoud_Jafari_Jozani" title="Masoud Jafari Jozani"><i>Cyrus the Great</i> (screenplay)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ciro_riconosciuto" title="Ciro riconosciuto">Ciro riconosciuto</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#B6AD9D"><div>

<ul><li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_by_Xenophon127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works_by_Xenophon127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works by <a href="Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical and biographical works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)">Anabasis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hellenica" title="Hellenica">Hellenica</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Agesilaus_(Xenophon)" title="Agesilaus (Xenophon)">Agesilaus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Constitution_of_the_Lacedaemonians" title="Constitution of the Lacedaemonians">Constitution of the Lacedaemonians</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socratic works and dialogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Memorabilia_(Xenophon)" title="Memorabilia (Xenophon)">Memorabilia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Oeconomicus" title="Oeconomicus">Oeconomicus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Symposium_(Xenophon)" title="Symposium (Xenophon)">Symposium</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Apology_(Xenophon)" title="Apology (Xenophon)">Apology</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hiero_(Xenophon)" title="Hiero (Xenophon)">Hiero</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="On_Horsemanship" title="On Horsemanship">On Horsemanship</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Hipparchicus" title="Hipparchicus">Hipparchicus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cynegeticus" title="Cynegeticus">Cynegeticus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ways_and_Means_(Xenophon)" title="Ways and Means (Xenophon)">Ways and Means</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Falsely attributed to Xenophon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Pseudo-Xenophon)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Pseudo-Xenophon)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></i> ('Old Oligarch')</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145374#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1524" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145374#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1524" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/167152138606110981598">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/178595334">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4220658-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85311890">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008443r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12008443r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an51707859">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX2032288">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810635932605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/10817">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007595282305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029994802">IdRef</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028201272">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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